Yes, the paths look correct.
/usr/includeis where most headers are installed. Apparently this includes libc (which is what ownsstdio.h)./usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/11contains the C++ standard library headers for libstdc++ v11./usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/clang/14.0.0/include/is where Clang stores its own header overrides (for some reason they seem to want to have a customstdbool.hinstead of the libc one).
You should've had a similar directory structure in MinGW.
And lastly, if you're using Clangd, you don't need c_cpp_properties.json (it's for Microsoft's C/C++ plugin).